In a random mating population in an Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following brings about a change in gene frequency in a non - directional manner?
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• Controlled breeding: This is intentional and directional, so it does not cause random changes.
• Selection: Always directional, because it favors certain alleles that increase fitness.
• Migration: Changes allele frequencies, but usually in a directional way (towards the allele distribution of the incoming population).
• Random drift (Genetic drift): This refers to random fluctuations in allele frequencies due to chance events. It is non-directional, because alleles may increase or decrease purely by chance, not due to adaptive advantage.
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