-Habitat Destruction: The single greatest cause, primarily through deforestation and land conversion for agriculture.

-Overexploitation: Unsustainable hunting, fishing, and harvesting (e.g., Steller's sea cow, passenger pigeon).

-Climate Change: A rapidly growing major driver that alters habitats and disrupts survival patterns globally.

-Alien Species Invasions: The broad category of introducing non-native species (which includes predators, pathogens, and competitors) that outcompete native life.

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