Capillary Action: Excessive irrigation causes the water table to rise. As water evaporates from the surface, it pulls up dissolved salts from deeper soil layers via capillary action, leaving them deposited on the topsoil.

Waterlogging: Over-irrigation results in waterlogging, which depletes the soil of oxygen. This lack of aeration, combined with the buildup of toxic salts, eventually hinders plant growth and can lead to crop death.

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