Biotic-Abiotic Interaction: The living organisms (plants, animals, microbes) interact with their physical environment (sunlight, soil, water, temperature) to create a specific organization unique to that ecosystem type.

• Species Composition: This refers to the identification and enumeration of all species present, which defines the biological part of the structure.

• Stratification: While stratification is a key structural feature, it refers specifically to the vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels (e.g., canopy, shrubs, and herbs in a forest)

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