Poor shielding of nuclear charge by d or f- orbital electrons is responsible for which of the following facts ?
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(a, d)
The d and f orbitals do not shield the nuclear charge very effectively .Therefore there is significant reduction in the size of the ions, just after d or f orbitals have been filled completely. This is called lanthanide contraction. Atomic radii of Nb (Nb3+ = 0.72 Å) and Ta (Ta3+ = 0.72 Å) are almost identical due to lanthanide contraction.
This is also the reason for the higher ionisation energy of gold than silver.
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