Ex situ conservation means protecting species outside their natural habitat. It involves maintaining plants, animals, and genetic material in controlled environments. Examples include:

• Botanical gardens : Plants are grown and conserved outside their natural habitat.

• Zoos : Animals are bred and protected in captivity.

• Seed/Pollen banks : Seeds and pollen are stored for future use.

• Gene banks and tissue culture : Genetic material is preserved for research and restoration.

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